यूरोपीय संघ (EU) के कार्बन बॉर्डर एडजस्टमेंट मैकेनिज़्म (CBAM) को लेकर भारत और यूरोप के बीच महीनों से जारी तनाव के बीच, एक नई स्टडी ने तस्वीर का एक संतुलित पक्ष दिखाया है।
ब्रसेल्स स्थित थिंक टैंक Sandbag की नई रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, CBAM के शुरुआती चरण में भारतीय निर्यातकों पर पड़ने वाला वित्तीय असर “काफी सीमित” रहने की संभावना है।
रिपोर्ट का कहना है कि शुरुआती स्थितियों में EU में भारतीय वस्तुओं के आयातकों को कुल व्यापार मूल्य का लगभग 2.6%, यानी 826 मिलियन यूरो (लगभग ₹7,400 करोड़) का अतिरिक्त लागत भार झेलना पड़ सकता है।
CBAM क्या है और क्यों विवाद में है
CBAM, जो जनवरी 2026 से पूरी तरह लागू होगा, यूरोपीय उद्योगों को “कार्बन लीकेज” से बचाने के लिए बनाया गया है।
इस व्यवस्था के तहत, EU में आयात की जाने वाली कार्बन-गहन वस्तुओं – जैसे स्टील, एल्युमीनियम, सीमेंट, फर्टिलाइज़र, बिजली और हाइड्रोजन – पर कार्बन उत्सर्जन के हिसाब से शुल्क लगाया जाएगा।
EU का तर्क है कि यह “लेवल प्लेइंग फील्ड” बनाता है, ताकि यूरोपीय उद्योगों को उन देशों से अनुचित प्रतिस्पर्धा न झेलनी पड़े, जहाँ जलवायु नियम कम सख्त हैं।
लेकिन भारत, चीन, दक्षिण अफ्रीका और ब्राज़ील जैसे देशों ने इसे एक “जलवायु के नाम पर व्यापार बाधा” बताया है।
भारत ने CBAM का लगातार विरोध किया है।
केंद्रीय वाणिज्य मंत्री पीयूष गोयल ने पहले कहा था कि यह “फेयर प्ले की कसौटी पर खरा नहीं उतरता” और इसके खिलाफ “उचित प्रतिक्रिया” देने की बात कही थी।
भारत की तैयारी: अब आलोचना से सहयोग की ओर?
रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, भारत का रुख अब कुछ बदलता हुआ दिख रहा है।
हाल ही में EU और भारत के बीच एक समझौता हुआ है जिसके तहत
भारत की प्रस्तावित कार्बन ट्रेडिंग स्कीम को EU द्वारा मान्यता दी गई है।
इसका अर्थ यह है कि भविष्य में जब CBAM लागू होगा,
तो भारतीय कंपनियाँ अपने उत्पादों पर पहले से चुकाए गए घरेलू कार्बन क्रेडिट की राशि को CBAM शुल्क से घटा सकेंगी।
यानी, CBAM का राजस्व सीधे EU को जाने के बजाय भारत में ही रहेगा, जिससे घरेलू उद्योग पर दबाव कुछ कम होगा।
Sandbag के विश्लेषण के अनुसार, अगर भारत की कार्बन ट्रेडिंग स्कीम EU के आंतरिक कार्बन मूल्य का केवल 25% भी हासिल कर लेती है, तो CBAM का कुल प्रभाव 42% घटकर 480 मिलियन यूरो (करीब ₹4,300 करोड़) रह जाएगा, जो कि EU–भारत वस्तु व्यापार का केवल 1.5% होगा।
भारत के लिए सबसे बड़ा असर स्टील सेक्टर पर
भारत की स्टील इंडस्ट्री, जो देश के कुल उत्सर्जन में बड़ी हिस्सेदारी रखती है, CBAM से सबसे ज़्यादा प्रभावित होगी।
वर्तमान में भारत के लगभग दो-तिहाई स्टील निर्यात यूरोप को जाते हैं।
CBAM के लागू होने के बाद, इन निर्यातकों को अपने उत्पादों के कार्बन फुटप्रिंट का प्रमाण देना होगा।
हालांकि, भारत अपनी ओर से उत्सर्जन कम करने के लिए
ट्रिपल रिन्यूएबल कैपेसिटी (तीन गुना अक्षय ऊर्जा क्षमता) 2030 तक बढ़ाने और राष्ट्रीय कार्बन मार्केट शुरू करने की दिशा में काम कर रहा है।
इन कदमों से भविष्य में भारतीय उद्योगों को वैश्विक कार्बन मूल्य प्रणालियों के अनुरूप ढालने में मदद मिलेगी।
CBAM सिम्युलेटर: नीति और उद्योग के लिए नया उपकरण
Sandbag ने इस रिपोर्ट के साथ ही अपना नया CBAM सिम्युलेटर लॉन्च किया है – एक ऐसा सार्वजनिक टूल जो नीति-निर्माताओं, व्यवसायों और नागरिक समाज को यह समझने में मदद करेगा कि अलग-अलग देशों या सेक्टरों पर CBAM का कितना असर पड़ेगा।
यह सिम्युलेटर यह भी दिखाता है कि अगर किसी देश की घरेलू कार्बन कीमत बढ़ती या घटती है, या CBAM का दायरा बढ़ाया जाता है, तो व्यापारिक लागत और उत्सर्जन पर क्या प्रभाव होगा।
पृष्ठभूमि और राजनीतिक संदर्भ
CBAM, EU – भारत मुक्त व्यापार समझौते (FTA) की बातचीत में एक प्रमुख विवाद का बिंदु बना हुआ है।
भारत का मानना है कि विकसित देशों को, जो ऐतिहासिक रूप से सबसे बड़े उत्सर्जक रहे हैं,
जलवायु परिवर्तन से निपटने की ज़्यादा ज़िम्मेदारी लेनी चाहिए।
EU का कहना है कि CBAM का मकसद विकासशील देशों को नुकसान पहुँचाना नहीं, बल्कि वैश्विक स्तर पर उत्सर्जन को न्यायसंगत तरीके से कम करना है।
रिपोर्ट यह स्पष्ट करती है कि भारत और EU के बीच अब “विरोध से संवाद” की दिशा में बदलाव दिख रहा है,
जहाँ भारत अपनी घरेलू नीति को अंतरराष्ट्रीय जलवायु नियमों से जोड़ने की कोशिश कर रहा है।
आगे का रास्ता
Sandbag की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, शुरुआती असर भले ही सीमित हो, पर यह नीति आने वाले वर्षों में भारतीय उद्योगों के लिए नए अवसर और नई जिम्मेदारियाँ दोनों लेकर आएगी।
EU और भारत के बीच Free Trade Agreement पर चल रही बातचीत में CBAM अब सिर्फ़ विवाद का विषय नहीं, बल्कि एक संवाद का फ्रेमवर्क बनता जा रहा है —
जहाँ जलवायु, व्यापार और न्याय तीनों की कसौटी एक साथ रखी जा रही है।

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